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The International Standards for Neurological Classification of SCI (ISNCSCI) exam is used to classify spinal cord injury (SCI) severity by determining the neurological injury level and functional completeness of SCI. However, anatomical, physiological, and functional studies have indicated that many participants with ISNCSCI-defined complete SCI retain connectivity through the SCI lesion. Due to the heterogeneity of SCI and the small-N in prior spinal neuromodulation studies, there are no diagnostic criteria to determine how SCI lesion profile affects the ability to restore sensorimotor function in the presence of spinal neuromodulation. Development of this knowledge is necessary to design precise spinal neuromodulation approaches and clinical trials that could restore function and improve quality of life for Veterans with chronic SCI. First, stakeholders will be engaged to define research priorities, meaningful outcomes, and barriers to participation in neuromodulation trials. The potential impact of neuromodulation and priorities of Veterans with SCI and their caretakers will be assessed across a nationwide survey. Spinal neuromodulation will be evaluated to determine how it could impact clinical practice and treatment of Veterans though survey of SCI physicians. Qualitative feedback will be obtained from Veterans with SCI regarding the expected and achieved outcomes with neuromodulation prior to and after undergoing functional neuromodulation experiments. Next, baseline anatomical and physiological connectivity measurements across ISNCSCI scores will be established. Veterans with SCI across INSCSCI grades will be recruited to determine residual spinal connectivity. Spinal cord anatomy will be assessed above, below, and at the SCI lesion through MR neuroimaging. Descending corticospinal connectivity will be evaluated with transcranial magnetic stimulation and ascending afferent signals will be evaluated through somatosensory evoked potentials. Finally, functional spinal connectivity during spinal neuromodulation will be evaluated. Volitional motor output will be assessed with and without non-invasive spinal neuromodulation. The sensory effects of spinal neuromodulation will be assessed through user reports of pain and somatosensation. Potential functional improvements in activities of daily living will be assessed with and without spinal neuromodulation.